Christ is the Greek translation of the Hebrew word Messiah, which means God's Anointed One. For years before Jesus' time the Jews had been expecting a new king, a descendant of the revered King David, who would restore the nation of Israel to glory. Like kings of old, this one would be anointed on the head with oil, signifying God's election ... The relation of Jesus’ teaching to the Jewish law. Jewish law is the focus of many passages in the Gospels. According to one set, especially prominent in the Sermon on the Mount (Matthew 5–7), Jesus admonished his followers to observe the law unwaveringly (Matthew 5:17–48). According to another set, he did not adhere strictly to the law ... Sometimes the golem saves the Jewish community from persecution or death, enacting the kind of heroism or revenge unavailable to powerless Jews. Often, however, Jewish folktales about the golem tell what happens when things go awry–when the power of life-force goes astray, often with tragic results.Tracing the evolution of these terms gives us some idea of the ancient Israelites’ beliefs regarding the soul. In the Creation story, we read of God blowing a “breath of life” into the man of earth and dust (Genesis 2:7). The word used here, neshamah, is a form of the Hebrew root indicating breath. Although this word later becomes ...For the majority of Americans, December 25 is a time to celebrate the birth of Jesus, but for Jews it is a time to consider ones relationship to the wider society. Some Jews have chosen to adopt the Yuletide festivities. Some …The Jews are God's Chosen People. No doubt this statement causes an emotional response. There are few concepts in religion that are more emotionally loaded and more misunderstood. If you are Jewish, the idea of "Chosen People" probably feels very uncomfortable -- perhaps as an offensive, divisive, or outdated claim of superiority, which …It is far from true that the resurrection of Jesus went “unnoticed” by civil and religious officials of the day. When those who had been appointed to guard the tomb reported to the chief ...Dec 26, 2021 ... What do Israelis think about Jesus and Christianity? Today I'm going to talk about a very sensitive and interesting topic.4) Do not kill. 5) Do not commit adultery. 6) Keep the laws of the land. 7) Do not eat a limb from a live animal or be cruel to animals. The Rabbis explain that the seven laws are only general guidelines, but in truth non-Jews are required to … Jews for Jesus is an international Christian missionary organization headquartered in San Francisco, California that is affiliated with the Messianic Jewish religious movement. The group is known for its proselytism of Jews [1] [2] [3] and promotes the belief that Jesus is the Christ and the Son of God. [4] [5] It was founded in 1970 by Moishe ... In sum, traditional Judaism evolved to explicitly acknowledge that with the last breath, the soul separates from the body and persists as a form of consciousness. The nature of the World to Come would remain a subject of dispute, with some rabbis understanding it to refer to resurrection of the dead while others describe it as a realm of ...The extant manuscripts of the book Antiquities of the Jews, written by the first-century Jewish historian Flavius Josephus around AD 93–94, contain two references to Jesus of Nazareth and one reference to John the Baptist.. The first and most extensive reference to Jesus in the Antiquities, found in Book 18, states that Jesus was the Messiah and a wise teacher who was …Some say that being Jewish is merely a matter of religion. Since the religion of Judaism teaches that Jesus is not the Messiah, that would certainly mean that a ...The origin of “ Jews killed Jesus ” is found in the Gospel of Matthew (27:25) within the New Testament. This passage references Jewish religious leaders who were involved in delivering Jesus ...More Newsletters. First, you say that because the majority of Jews do not believe in Jesus they have broken covenant with God and have no divine claim at this time to the land God promised them ...Jesus Was A Prophet. . While Muhammad is described as the final prophet from God, he listed the previous prophets and included Jesus in that list. Muslims believe Jesus was a prophet, but they deny He is God or the “Son of God.”. Jesus Was A Miracle Worker. . Muslims believe Jesus performed many miracles.Mar 2, 2024 · Jesus (born c. 6–4 bce, Bethlehem—died c. 30 ce, Jerusalem) religious leader revered in Christianity, one of the world’s major religions. He is regarded by most Christians as the Incarnation of God. The history of Christian reflection on the teachings and nature of Jesus is examined in the article Christology. Jesus is the central figure of Christianity, believed by Christians to be the messiah, the son of God and the second person in the Trinity. For some Jews, the name alone is nearly synonymous with ...Jews, on the other hand, often mistakenly believe that Christianity teaches contempt for Jews — despite the fact that "their" God himself was one — and that when a Jew recognizes Jesus as the Jewish Messiah, he or she ceases to be a Jew. Q: What can be done to repair the relationship and clear up misunderstandings between Jews and … It developed into Rabbinic Judaism and has persisted to the present. But one other contemporary Jewish group can be compared with it in continued influence. It is the one that arose in response to Jesus of Nazareth, his life, death and resurrection, and ultimately evolved into the Christian Church. The origins of Christianity are immensely complex. The Jews are God's Chosen People. No doubt this statement causes an emotional response. There are few concepts in religion that are more emotionally loaded and more misunderstood. If you are Jewish, the idea of "Chosen People" probably feels very uncomfortable -- perhaps as an offensive, divisive, or outdated claim of superiority, which …Feb 8, 2024 · Those who heard the nativity stories in Matthew and Luke would have considered Jesus to be fully human since his mother supplied all of his bodily substance. Lincoln clarifies: “In terms of ancient biology, even without a human father, Jesus would have been seen as fully human. His mother, Mary, provided his human substance, and in this case ... Table of Contents. Home Philosophy & Religion Religious Personages & Scholars. Jewish Palestine at the time of Jesus. The political situation. Palestine: Roman era. Palestine …Nov 11, 2022 · A majority (66%) of all Jewish Israelis believe that yes, the rebirth of the State of Israel has changed the way Christians see Jews. Three out of every four Israelis (75%) say that Christians (Evangelicals mostly) changed their attitudes towards Jews because they support Israel. In the Old Testament, what we would call the soul is really more like what we would call the breath. When God creates Adam, he creates him out of earth, and then he breathes life into him. The ...The primary reason that Jews do not believe Jesus was the messiah is that the world was not redeemed by Jesus' arrival and death. For a more complete explanation, read David Wolpe's essay.Muslims believe that Jesus (called “Isa” in Arabic) was a prophet of God and was born to a virgin (Mary). They also believe he will return to Earth before the Day of Judgment to restore ...Jews believe a man called Abraham was the the first person to make a covenant with God. Abraham was a Hebrew. Jews believe God named Abraham's grandson Israel. After this, the Hebrews became known ...Traditional Jews believe in a resurrected body after death; whereas, Reformed Jews adhere to a more spiritual concept of living through one’s children (“Do Jews Believe in an Afterlife?” Reform Judaism). Traditional Jews believe in hell, called Gehinnom. Gehinnom is a place of suffering, torture, and pain. Traditional Judaism …Jesus is the central figure of Christianity, believed by Christians to be the messiah, the son of God and the second person in the Trinity. For some Jews, the name alone is nearly synonymous with ...Jesus through Jewish eyes. By Clive Lawton Last updated 2009-06-23. In this article, Clive Lawton looks at Jesus and Christianity from his personal viewpoint as a Jew. First …Roth may call this family “Mishpochah,” but other Jews, alarmed at the spread of the Messianic movement, call Jews who believe in Jesus “meshumad”—apostates. Traitors. …Find an upcoming eventhosted by Jewish organizations across the world, or explore our on-demand sectionto view recordings of past events. Text Study. What Is A Rabbi, What Was A Rabbi – and Was Jesus A Rabbi? Hosted By:Orange County Community Scholar Program (CSP) What is a rabbi? What was a rabbi? Was Jesus a …Jewish Messianic Interpretations of Isaiah 53. It’s commonly maintained that Isaiah 53 was never considered messianic by rabbis and Jewish sages. Sometimes the statement is phrased as, “Judaism teaches” that Isaiah 53 refers to the nation of Israel. The fact is that Isaiah 53 (more precisely, 52:13 to 53:12) has been interpreted in ...Of course, Jesus was a Jew. He was born of a Jewish mother, in Galilee, a Jewish part of the world. All of his friends, associates, colleagues, disciples, all of them were Jews. He regularly ...Apr 8, 2018 ... Contrary to the rabbinical explanation and according to the descriptions in the New Testament gospels, the actual reason why the Pharisees ...1964. The question of the responsibility of the Jewish people for the crucifixion of Christ may well become one of the major theological issues of the day. The traditional view has been that the ...Joseph Klausner, a Jewish researcher, sums up some of the conclusions which can be drawn from the Talmudic theories about Jesus: “There are some reliable theories …Feb 19, 2022 · Of the 273 fellowship the authors managed to reach, there were 15,323 people who worshiped there, including 8,125 adults over the age of 18 who believe in Jesus. The minority (42%) are Hebrew ... Secular Jews believe in the holy–that is, inviolable–nature of certain things: the value of human life, the integrity of the human personality, the primacy of human dignity, the equality of men and women everywhere, the right of children to unfettered development. These and similar things are “holy” to us, as they are to many religious ... Righteousness. v. t. e. The Messiah in Judaism ( Hebrew: מָשִׁיחַ, romanized : māšīaḥ) is a savior and liberator figure in Jewish eschatology who is believed to be the future redeemer of the Jews. The concept of messianism originated in Judaism, [1] [2] and in the Hebrew Bible a messiah is a king or High Priest of Israel ... Aug 17, 2017 · 3. Jesus Christ. Jehovah’s Witnesses believe that Jesus was created by Jehovah as the archangel Michael before the physical world existed, and is a lesser, though mighty, god. Biblically, however, Jesus is eternally God (John 1:1; 8:58; cf. Ex. 3:14) and has the exact same divine nature as the Father (John 5:18; 10:30; Heb. 1:3). Orthodox Judaism is the collective term for the traditionalist branches of contemporary Judaism. Theologically, it is chiefly defined by regarding the Torah, both Written and Oral, as revealed by God to Moses on Mount Sinai and faithfully transmitted ever since.. Orthodox Judaism, therefore, advocates a strict observance of Jewish law, or halakha, … Jews Lacked A Motive for Killing Jesus. Indeed, according to most historians, it would be more logical to blame the Romans for Jesus’ death. Crucifixion was a customary punishment among Romans, not Jews. At the time of Jesus’ death, the Romans were imposing a harsh and brutal occupation on the Land of Israel, and the Jews were occasionally ... Judaism and Christianity differences. Let’s start with the definition of Christian and Jew. A Christian believes that Jesus is the son of God, crucified, died and resurrected three days later. For this, the Christian is baptised in the name of the Father, of the Son and the Holy Spirit. A Jew, on the other hand, is a descendant of the Jewish ...Find an upcoming eventhosted by Jewish organizations across the world, or explore our on-demand sectionto view recordings of past events. Text Study. What Is A Rabbi, What Was A Rabbi – and Was Jesus A Rabbi? Hosted By:Orange County Community Scholar Program (CSP) What is a rabbi? What was a rabbi? Was Jesus a …Some Jews believe that there is no afterlife tradition in Judaism, but in fact, the afterlife has its own history in Jewish thought. This course will review the afterlife traditions of Judaism and will provide some startling insights into the effect of the afterlife on Jewish theology and traditional life. The event listed here is hosted by a ...Do Jews Believe in Satan? Beliefs & Practices. My Jewish Learning is a not-for-profit and relies on your help. Donate. ... The New Testament also reports Jesus to have performed numerous exorcisms of demonic spirits in first-century …Jews believe a man called Abraham was the the first person to make a covenant with God. Abraham was a Hebrew. Jews believe God named Abraham's grandson Israel. After this, the Hebrews became known ...In the Old Testament, what we would call the soul is really more like what we would call the breath. When God creates Adam, he creates him out of earth, and then he breathes life into him. The ...Mar 2, 2024 · Jesus (born c. 6–4 bce, Bethlehem—died c. 30 ce, Jerusalem) religious leader revered in Christianity, one of the world’s major religions. He is regarded by most Christians as the Incarnation of God. The history of Christian reflection on the teachings and nature of Jesus is examined in the article Christology. The short answer: Judaism does not consider Jesus to be a prophet, the messiah, or the son of God. But the exact way Jews have spoken about Jesus has, throughout history, … Different Christian denominations hold varying views on multiple topics. Over the past two thousand years, these doctrinal differences have often generated conflict, even to the point of religious wars. Mary of Nazareth--whose name is written at times in the Hebraic form, Mariam--was a chaste young Jewish girl betrothed to a devout Jewish man, Joseph. The portrait of her in the New Testament is that of a prayerful Jewish woman with very human traits who aspired to follow the practices set by Jewish law and religion.Messianic Jews believe that Jesus is the Jewish messiah, and that the Bible prophesizes that God's plan is for him to return to Jerusalem, prevail in an apocalyptic battle with the Antichrist, and ...Joseph Klausner, a Jewish researcher, sums up some of the conclusions which can be drawn from the Talmudic theories about Jesus: “There are some reliable theories …We're clearing up the myths lingering about bipolar disorder that even some people living with it would do well to unlearn. It’s hard to believe that some myths and stereotypes abo...Thought to have been born a few years after the crucifixion of Jesus around 37 A.D., Josephus was a well-connected aristocrat and military leader in Palestine who served as a commander in Galilee ...Jews have long believed in the eventual coming of a Messiah — someone who will bring about a new period of true redemption for the Jewish people — and many in the possibility of predicting when he will come and who he will be. Over the last two millennia, the arrival of the Messiah has been predicted many times — always incorrectly, and often with disastrous results for the …Thought to have been born a few years after the crucifixion of Jesus around 37 A.D., Josephus was a well-connected aristocrat and military leader in Palestine who served as a commander in Galilee ... Judaism, as the Jewish religion came to be known in the 1st century ce, was based on ancient Israelite religion, shorn of many of its Canaanite characteristics but with the addition of important features from Babylonia and Persia. The Jews differed from other people in the ancient world because they believed that there was only one God. Joseph Klausner, a Jewish researcher, sums up some of the conclusions which can be drawn from the Talmudic theories about Jesus: “There are some reliable theories …Tracing the evolution of these terms gives us some idea of the ancient Israelites’ beliefs regarding the soul. In the Creation story, we read of God blowing a “breath of life” into the man of earth and dust (Genesis 2:7). The word used here, neshamah, is a form of the Hebrew root indicating breath. Although this word later becomes ...Dec 20, 2019 · Muslims believe that Jesus (called “Isa” in Arabic) was a prophet of God and was born to a virgin (Mary). They also believe he will return to Earth before the Day of Judgment to restore ... Sep 27, 2022 ... It should not surprise us that Jewish people reject Yeshua (Jesus). Doesn't the Bible teach that all of us, men and women, Jew and Gentile alike ...Jesus Was A Prophet. . While Muhammad is described as the final prophet from God, he listed the previous prophets and included Jesus in that list. Muslims believe Jesus was a prophet, but they deny He is God or the “Son of God.”. Jesus Was A Miracle Worker. . Muslims believe Jesus performed many miracles.Sep 30, 2020 · What Is Messianic Judaism? Judaism does hold the belief that a savior will come to redeem the Jewish people, but they do not believe that Jesus fulfilled that role. Messianic Jews, on the other hand, do believe that Jesus came to the earth as the Messiah. Those in other denominations may have heard the term “Messianic Jew” or “Messianic ... 1. Mormons believe Jesus was the spirit child of Heavenly Father and Heavenly Mother. The Son of God was the product of divine procreation—the firstborn of many spirit children made by heavenly parents. Mormonism implies something like historic Arianism, that “there was a time when the Son was not.”. Some LDS adherents claim … Learn More: Believe in God; absolutely certain, Believe in God; fairly certain, Believe in God; not too/not at all certain, Do not believe in God Demographic Information Age distribution among Jews by belief in God Jewish texts and lore are replete with miracles and wonders, from the shofar blast that brought down the walls of Jericho (Joshua 6:20) to the bush that burned with fire but was not consumed (Exodus 3:14) to what is perhaps the most iconic miracle of all time: the splitting of the Red Sea (Exodus 14:21).. Likewise, many Jewish holidays commemorate miracles that were performed … Of course, Jesus was a Jew. He was born of a Jewish mother, in Galilee, a Jewish part of the world. All of his friends, associates, colleagues, disciples, all of them were Jews. He regularly ... Instead, the reason for doing good comes from the inherent satisfaction and well-being it brings. The concept of heaven is described as an experience of connecting with one's true self and with God, while hell is depicted as a state of mind characterized by feelings of alienation and disconnection. Hell is metaphorically portrayed as a theater ...Broadly speaking, some evangelicals believe that Jewish people returning to Israel following the 1917 Balfour Declaration, a British statement which called for “the establishment in Palestine of ...Nov 24, 2020 · Nov 24, 2020. One of the major tenets of Judaism is the belief that a redeeming figure known as the Messiah will appear at the end of history, bringing about a profound and positive change in the world, though what this post-messiah world will be like is basically unknown. In the course of reciting the Amidah or Shemoneh Esreh prayers every day ... I am a great mom because I believe in joy and happy memories. I am a mom of 4, Landon, Elle and our 2 guardian angels Charlie and Lena. Experiencing... Edit Your Post Published by ...chosen people, the Jewish people, as expressed in the idea that they have been chosen by God as his special people. The term implies that the Jewish people have been chosen by God to worship only him and to fulfill the mission of proclaiming his truth among all the nations of the world. This idea is a recurring theme in Jewish liturgy and is expressed in …Indeed, it is difficult to argue that “the Jews” of his day rejected Jesus at all, since most Jews had never heard of him. The figure they really rejected, often violently, was Paul, who convinced the Jerusalem church led by Jesus’s brother to jettison the observance of Jewish law. Paul thus founded a new religion.Oct 30, 2023 ... Jews believe the Messiah will be a direct (blood) descendant of King David through Solomon on his father's side and will be born naturally to a ...Secular Jews believe in the holy–that is, inviolable–nature of certain things: the value of human life, the integrity of the human personality, the primacy of human dignity, the equality of men and women everywhere, the right of children to unfettered development. These and similar things are “holy” to us, as they are to many religious ...Joshua b. Levi said: He took counsel with the works of heaven and earth, like a king who had two advisers without whose knowledge he did nothing whatsoever. 8. Levi knew that the plural implied that God was speaking to someone and concluded that the Lord was seeking advice and approval from other beings.Joseph Klausner, a Jewish researcher, sums up some of the conclusions which can be drawn from the Talmudic theories about Jesus: “There are some reliable theories … Adherents of Judaism believe that Jesus of Nazareth was not the Messiah nor "the Son of God". In the Jewish perspective, it is believed that the way Christians see Jesus goes against monotheism, a belief in the absolute unity and singularity of God, which is central to Judaism; the worship of a person is seen by them as a form of idolatry. The concept of the rapture has been a topic of fascination and debate among theologians and believers for centuries. While the term “rapture” itself does not appear in the Bible, i...Nov 11, 2022 · A majority (66%) of all Jewish Israelis believe that yes, the rebirth of the State of Israel has changed the way Christians see Jews. Three out of every four Israelis (75%) say that Christians (Evangelicals mostly) changed their attitudes towards Jews because they support Israel. Because the Israelites are the chosen people of GOD will they and all the descendants of David be accepted into Heaven even if they do not accept Christ as ...A valuable resource for anyone seeking a basic understanding of what being Jewish is all about.Judaism is full of different opinions. In fact, no single definition of Judaism is acceptable to all Jews. And Judaism is not simply a series of beliefs; it is a practice and a way of life. Judaism, therefore, consists of a religion, and a culture, and a people.What Do Jews …Nov 24, 2020. One of the major tenets of Judaism is the belief that a redeeming figure known as the Messiah will appear at the end of history, bringing about a profound and positive change in the world, though what this post-messiah world will be like is basically unknown. In the course of reciting the Amidah or Shemoneh Esreh prayers every day ...Find an upcoming eventhosted by Jewish organizations across the world, or explore our on-demand sectionto view recordings of past events. Text Study. What Is A Rabbi, What Was A Rabbi – and Was Jesus A Rabbi? Hosted By:Orange County Community Scholar Program (CSP) What is a rabbi? What was a rabbi? Was Jesus a …Mary of Nazareth--whose name is written at times in the Hebraic form, Mariam--was a chaste young Jewish girl betrothed to a devout Jewish man, Joseph. The portrait of her in the New Testament is that of a prayerful Jewish woman with very human traits who aspired to follow the practices set by Jewish law and religion.
The faith of most religious Jews is called Judaism. It is the oldest of the world’s three great monotheistic religions (that is, religions serving one God). Judaism is the parent of both Christianity and Islam. It proclaims that there is only one God, whose name is Yahweh, and He is the creator and ruler of the universe.. Is poshmark trustworthy
The story of the original twelve apostles is one that has captivated the hearts and minds of believers for centuries. These men, chosen by Jesus himself, played a pivotal role in s...According to the. Torah. , the Messiah will be: a male descendant of the Jewish King David. human - he will have a human birth and human parents. a perfect teacher of God’s law. a great ...Muslims believe that Jesus was given the Injil (Greek evangel, or Gospel) by Allah and that parts of these teachings were lost or distorted to produce the Hebrew Bible and the Christian New Testament. The majority of ... Indeed, the believers, Jews, Christians, and Sabians—whoever ˹truly˺ believes in Allah and the Last Day and does good ...Mary of Nazareth--whose name is written at times in the Hebraic form, Mariam--was a chaste young Jewish girl betrothed to a devout Jewish man, Joseph. The portrait of her in the New Testament is that of a prayerful Jewish woman with very human traits who aspired to follow the practices set by Jewish law and religion.The biblical account of the crucifixion, death, and resurrection of Jesus recorded in the Christian New Testament is traditionally rejected by the major branches of Islam, but like Christians they believe that Jesus ascended to heaven and he will, according to Islamic literary sources,: 9–25 return before the end of time.: 14–15, 25 The various sects of … Conclusion. Jesus Christ is the central figure in the doctrine and practice of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. He is the Redeemer. [viii] He is the prototype of all saved beings, the standard of salvation. [ix] Jesus explained that “no man cometh unto the Father, but by me” (John 14:6). Early Second Temple Period (530-450 B.C.E.): Devil the Bob. By the time the Book of Job was conceived, apparently in the early Second Temple period around 2,500 years ago, we can see a slight movement towards the development of Satan as an evil being. But he still isn't Satan with a capital S. The book itself is an essay on the problem … According to the. Torah. , the Messiah will be: a male descendant of the Jewish King David. human - he will have a human birth and human parents. a perfect teacher of God’s law. a great ... Messianic Jews observe Jewish customs and rituals but believe in “Yeshua” (Jesus) as the Messiah, a belief anathema to mainstream Judaism. Most Jews do not consider Messianic Jews to be Jewish, while the evangelical world embraces them, often referring to them as Jewish Christians.Find an upcoming eventhosted by Jewish organizations across the world, or explore our on-demand sectionto view recordings of past events. Text Study. What Is A Rabbi, What Was A Rabbi – and Was Jesus A Rabbi? Hosted By:Orange County Community Scholar Program (CSP) What is a rabbi? What was a rabbi? Was Jesus a …The historicity of Jesus is the question of whether or not Jesus of Nazareth historically existed (as opposed to being a purely mythical figure). The question of historicity was generally settled in scholarship in the early 20th century, and today scholars in the field agree that a Jewish man called Jesus of Nazareth did exist in the Herodian Kingdom of …Broadly speaking, some evangelicals believe that Jewish people returning to Israel following the 1917 Balfour Declaration, a British statement which called for “the establishment in Palestine of ...Jesus is the central figure of Christianity, believed by Christians to be the messiah, the son of God and the second person in the Trinity. For some Jews, the name alone is nearly synonymous with ... According to the. Torah. , the Messiah will be: a male descendant of the Jewish King David. human - he will have a human birth and human parents. a perfect teacher of God’s law. a great ... The origin of “ Jews killed Jesus ” is found in the Gospel of Matthew (27:25) within the New Testament. This passage references Jewish religious leaders who were involved in delivering Jesus ...Jews do not believe in "Hell" as a place of eternal torment. Gehenna is a place or condition of purgatory where Jews spend up to twelve months purifying to get into heaven, ... In answering the question "What do Jews think of Jesus", philosopher Milton Steinberg claims, for Jews, Jesus cannot be accepted as anything more than a teacher. ...That Jesus was a Jew is a fact that most Christians are aware of, if you ask them. But the implications of that fact of Jesus’s Jewishness are often more difficult to think through. Jesus was a ...Jesus identified Himself as a Jew. Speaking to the Samaritan woman at the well, Jesus said, “You Samaritans worship what you do not know; we worship what we do know, for salvation is from the Jews” . In being the Son of God, however, Jesus had a perfect understanding of the right relationship with the Father.Adapted with permission from The Messiah and the Jews: Three Thousand Years of Tradition, Belief and Hope, published by Jewish Lights.. In 1848, the Jews of Germany were emancipated – that is, they were granted citizenship for the first time in the two thousand years they had lived in Europe. Emancipation presented Jews with the opportunity to participate in secular society – ….