A comprehensive review of Proton VPN based on 2024 tests and research. Find out its pros and cons, features, speeds, …Nov 4, 2021 · Innovation has become the primary driving force for Guangdong's high-quality development. During the 14th Five-Year Plan period (2021-2025), Guangdong is going to embrace the building of Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA) and make sci-tech self-reliance and self-strengthening as a strategic support, in order to be an … This review is only about the VPN offered by Proton AG not their other Products! The VPN service offered by Proton was extremely disappointing and a total waste of time. It simply did not work on my Linux operating system. Once I tried to switch the vpn server the app broke and asked for a password. Dec 1, 2023 · Proton VPN is an affordable VPN that’s focused on privacy. In this review, we put Proton VPN head-to-head against its competitors and detail plans and pricing models to help you decide... Dec 25, 2022 · 在支持VPN组网的路由器中，价格便宜，有一定的竞争优势 做工设计中规中矩 硬件配置不算惊喜 路由器在外观设计上较为传统，黑色喷漆工艺、方方正正的外观搭配两根天线的设计在当前看来显得有些中规中矩，但是有一点与在用的路由器不同的是，外壳材质竟然采用的是钣金材质，所以拿在手里 ...Nov 18, 2021 · An all-climate battery has been adopted by the 2022 Beijing Olympic Winter Games as one of the core technologies to power its Olympic electric vehicles. The all-climate battery is also the thermally modulated battery designed for electric vehicles without range anxiety and has unsurpassed safety, low cost, and contains no cobalt.The internet is a dangerous place. With cybercriminals, hackers, and government surveillance, it’s important to have the right protection when you’re online. One of the best ways t...ProtonVPN summary · Five simultaneous connections · Secure Core (Double VPN) network. Which is fast. And very secure · Supports Bitcoin and cash for anonymous&...Jan 6, 2012 · Proxy Support HOW-TO. Using standard configurations of Tomcat, web applications can ask for the server name and port number to which the request was directed for processing. When Tomcat is running standalone with the Coyote HTTP/1.1 Connector, it will generally report the server name specified in the request, and the port number on …Dec 2, 2023 · In the new era, guided by Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, China has made law-based cyberspace governance an essential part of the overall strategy of the rule of law and the drive to build up its strength in cyberspace. Marked improvements have been made in ensuring law-based cyberspace …云桥网. Tianjin boosts aerospace industry to promote high-quality development. China Int'l Big Data Industry Expo 2022 opens online in Guizhou. Passenger volume exceeds 3 mln on China-Laos Railway. Butterflies will flutter by soon in …May 19, 2017 · 中国での生活をエンジョイする日本人たち（一）. 近年、「一帯一路（the belt and road）」イニシアティブが打ち出され、中国の開放度がさらに拡大するにつれ、中国に移住する外国人も増加の一途をたどっている。. ある統計によると、中国に住んでいる …In short, ProtonVPN is an excellent VPN provider loaded with features, making it ideal for casual users and privacy enthusiasts. Are you looking to increase ...Jan 4, 2022 · 首先，将研发“VPN翻墙软件”用于营利的行为，认定为提供侵入、非法控制计算机信息系统的程序罪，既缺乏事实依据，也不符合司法解释。. 最高检2020年第68号指导性案例的要旨指出，针对“VPN翻墙软件”这类专业程序，应聘请鉴定机构出具鉴定意见。. 但实践 ...Jan 29, 2024 · The ProtonVPN App. The ProtonVPN app is available on Windows, Mac, iOS, Android, and Linux. Inside ProtonVPN’s apps, you will find a quick-connect button to turn on the VPN service. ProtonVPN has a great 4.2 rating from the Google Play store, and a 3.9 rating from the Apple App Store, quite high for a VPN. ProtonVPN Vs. Jan 5, 2024 · Overall Score: 8.6 / 10. Try ProtonVPN Risk-Free. ProtonVPN is one of the widely used VPNs today. It offers both free and paid plans and is often lauded for its robust privacy and security features. I was curious about the hype surrounding this service, and for the last two weeks, I’ve been using it as my primary VPN. In short, ProtonVPN is an excellent VPN provider loaded with features, making it ideal for casual users and privacy enthusiasts. Are you looking to increase ...See full list on techradar.com ProtonVPN has apps for Windows, Mac, iOS, Android, and Linux. The interface of the app is clean and user-friendly. The app itself is very easy to use and connects quickly to the VPN. Installing the app is very easy. For Windows, Mac, and Linux, you can download the installation files from their website. By the end of October 2018, a total of nearly 950,000 foreign-funded companies had registered in China, bringing in an accumulated investment of over 2.1 trillion U.S. dollars and performing as major driving forces in China's economic and social development. Li Zhanshu, chairman of the NPC Standing Committee, on Tuesday presided over a plenary ...Mar 24, 2023 · This year marks the 10th anniversary when the concept of building a community with a shared future for mankind was first proposed by Chinese President Xi Jinping in March, 2013. Since then, the concept has evolved into a vision with global significance, and been recognized by more and more countries and international … Reviews. Customers. “We found Proton VPN’s customer service to be friendly, thorough, and helpful.”. “As part of our VPN Proton VPN review, we checked out the knowledge base on the company’s site and found it to be extremely helpful, containing the answers to all the most common questions that might arise.”. 8.8 /10. View Plans. What We Like. No data logging: ProtonVPN has annual transparency reports to back up its no-logs policy. Torrents: The combination of unlimited …Jul 25, 2017 · 工信部回应VPN管理：依法依规的企业个人不受影响. 在国务院新闻办今日举行的发布会上，有记者问及"有地方出台规定，对违法违规利用VPN上网加强 ...Dec 2, 2019 · Not Exclusivism. Despite being a standard public security procedure, the most recent visa scrutiny campaign has prompted an outraged response. Some regard it as a “Sino-foreign confrontation.”. Others compare it with the so-called Boxer Rebellion – a xenophobic reaction to Western encroachments on China more than a century ago.Sep 17, 2022 · Chinese Vice Premier Han Zheng on Friday called on China and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) to take the opportunity of the implementation of the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) to build a closer community with a share future. Han, also a member of the Standing Committee of …Our Score: 9.2/10. Ranked 8th out of 306 VPNs. Visit website. Lawrence Wachira Updated on 14th March 2024 Fact-checked by Matthew Amos Senior Writer. Proton VPN, from …Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) are becoming increasingly popular as a way to protect your online privacy and security. A VPN allows you to create a secure connection between your ...The service supports Perfect Forward Secrecy, VPN Over Tor, and comes with Secure Core servers that are enough to keep you safe when connected to a torrent ...The project, named “China’s Good Party Member,” has developed more than 100 such apps for clients, with 8 million, or nearly 10 percent of all Party members in China, as its user base. Some apps also provide tests on Party-related knowledge, such as “How Party members should act to avoid an unwanted work style?”.Jul 25, 2017 · 工信部回应VPN管理：依法依规的企业个人不受影响. 在国务院新闻办今日举行的发布会上，有记者问及"有地方出台规定，对违法违规利用VPN上网加强 ...Jan 24, 2023 · That’s the full VPN, 500GB of Proton Drive’s secure storage, 15 secure Proton Mail email addresses, and end-to-end encrypted scheduling of your day with Proton Calendar. Proton Unlimited looks ... 5 days ago · 6月28日傍晚，小卉的微博帐号@喵喵小卉 发出了一篇图片格式的博文，内容是小姜以第一人称，叙述了小卉在27日下午前往南方报社开具实习证明时 ...May 19, 2017 · 中国での生活をエンジョイする日本人たち（一）. 近年、「一帯一路（the belt and road）」イニシアティブが打ち出され、中国の開放度がさらに拡大するにつれ、中国に移住する外国人も増加の一途をたどっている。. ある統計によると、中国に住んでいる …Jun 1, 2023 · The unlimited-bandwidth free tier is still free and still brilliant. ProtonVPN Plus, once converted to GBP, costs about £8.80 per month, £68.22 for your first year, or £105.5 for your first two ... Mar 14, 2017 · In einem jüngsten Jahresbericht benannten App-Analysten von App Annie die 52 umsatzstärksten App-Anbieter des Jahres 2016. Unter den Spitzenverdienern befanden sich auch zwei App-Entwickler aus China. Das chinesische Internetunternehmen Tencent hat Supercell Oy aus Finnland, das die Liste 2014 und 2015 anführte, abgelöst …Jun 24, 2021 · 通过VPN“翻墙”的技术原理本质是使大陆用户可以连接代理服务器，实现访问境外网站功能，因没有证据证实境外计算机信息系统对大陆IP有限制，行为人行为并不能评价为“侵入”境外计算机信息系统或信息，故不成立上述罪名。. 其次，有偿提供VPN服务属于 ...云桥网. Tianjin boosts aerospace industry to promote high-quality development. China Int'l Big Data Industry Expo 2022 opens online in Guizhou. Passenger volume exceeds 3 mln on China-Laos Railway. Butterflies will flutter by soon in …A comprehensive review of Proton VPN based on 2024 tests and research. Find out its pros and cons, features, speeds, …Oct 13, 2023 · For $5.99 per month, Proton VPN’s paid subscription includes access to more than 3,000 servers in over 65 countries, use on up to 10 devices and an included ad-blocker and malware protection. Or ... Dec 2, 2019 · 工業・情報化部 VPNサービスの遮断についてコメント. 工業・情報化部（省）の毛偉明副部長、張峰チーフエンジニア、運行モニタリング協調局の鄭立新局長は27日、国務院新聞弁公室の記者会見に出席し、2014年の工業・通信業の発展状況について紹介 …Mar 13, 2017 · Chinese physicists were one of the first to achieve quantum teleportation, entangled state exchange and optical quantum key distribution with a secure communication distance of over 100 kilometers. They also created the world's first large-scale quantum communication network. Chinese scientists have gradually become world leaders in …Feb 13, 2023 · Digital technologies help revitalize ancient city wall in NW China. Digital technology-assisted conservation of ancient city wall in Xi'an, northwest China's Shaanxi province, was recently listed among the top-10 cases of digital innovation in the Chinese culture and tourism industry of 2022. Assisted by digital technologies, the ancient city ...14 Feb 2018 ... ProtonVPN is regarded as a reliable VPN service. It places a great priority on security and privacy and uses advanced encryption to safeguard ...Jul 23, 2018 · Document Reviewers: Christian Funck-Brentano (CPG Review Coordinator) (France), Per Anton Sirnes (CPG Review Coordinator) (Norway), Victor Aboyans (France), Eduardo Alegria Ezquerra (Spain), Colin Baigent (UK), *Corresponding author: Joep Perk, School of Health and Caring Sciences, Linnaeus University, Stagneliusgatan 14, SE-391 …May 6, 2012 · 回到学校，黄超开始做第一个项目“校园网寄生虫”，通过一个简单的程序，让大家分享自己的网络资源。. “使用是完全免费的，大家可以主动把自己的网络贡献给校内其他的同学使用，从而能让大家节省很多网费。. ”不过，他渐渐发现，喜欢占用公共资源的 ...On top of that, ProtonVPN has a strict no-logging policy. They keep only a timestamp of the last time you signed in to your account for brute-force attack ...A. ProtonVPN is a virtual private network service offered by the Swiss-based company, Proton Technologies AG. It provides online privacy and security to users ...8 Feb 2023 ... IKEv2 is a modern, fast and secure VPN protocol that Proton VPN implements at its strongest encryption settings. It uses the Diffie-Hellman ...Oct 7, 2023 · Nobel Winners for Scientific Achievements Named. The illustration shows Katalin Karikó and Drew Weissman, laureates of the 2023 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. (PHOTO: Nobel Prize Outreach) The illustration shows Pierre Agostini, Ferenc Krausz and Anne L'Huillier, laureates of the Nobel Prize in Physics 2023.In today’s digital world, it’s more important than ever to protect your online privacy. An IPvanish VPN account is a great way to do just that. An IPvanish VPN account provides a s.... Nov 4, 2021 · Innovation has become the primary driving force for Guangdong's high-quality development. During the 14th Five-Year Plan period (2021-2025), Guangdong is going to embrace the building of Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA) and make sci-tech self-reliance and self-strengthening as a strategic support, in order to be an …30 Jan 2024 ... Both Proton VPN and NordVPN are committed to privacy with their strict no-logs policies, privacy-friendly headquarters, and additional security ...Jul 25, 2022 · 变更IP地址属地行为的治理是一项系统工程，需要多方参与、协同治理。. 一方面，针对目前暴露出的“非法IP代理”这种畸形生意，在一如既往严厉打击的同时，不妨开展专项整治行动，追根溯源揪出更多非法代理商家，斩断这条产业链。. 对于相关灰色产业的 ...Jan 27, 2015 · 工信部回应VPN被封：不良信息应按中国法律管理. 2015-01-27 15:38:00 来源： 中国网 说两句 分享到：. 工业和信息化部通信发展司司长闻库（资料图 ...Aug 2, 2017 · 是谁？. 终将取代昂贵的 MPLS！. 作者简介：王永东，现任北京华夏创新科技有限公司 (AppEx Networks)董事长，传输优化算法ZetaTCP发明者。. 1990年就读清华大学计算机专业，1997年获硕士学位。. 后就职于美国硅谷Force10、WebEx等前沿网络科技公司，从事网络算法、架构 ...Feb 11, 2024 · Our Proton VPN review covers all the upsides and downsides of this model. Key Takeaways: With no data caps, Proton VPN Free is one of the best free VPN plans on the market, rivaled only by Windscribe. Sep 17, 2022 · Chinese Vice Premier Han Zheng on Friday called on China and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) to take the opportunity of the implementation of the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) to build a closer community with a share future. Han, also a member of the Standing Committee of …Jul 8, 2022 · Check out the website here. Proton VPN subscription options: 24 month plan - $3.99 per month ($95.76 total cost) Free users don't get P2P or support for unblocking streaming services. A pity, but ... Proton VPN is a Swiss-based VPN provider that offers high privacy, security and transparency. It has fast speeds, open-source apps, a Secure Core feature and a generous free plan with few limitations.Jul 22, 2022 · The free version of Proton VPN includes many features that other companies reserve for their paid versions. These include a kill switch, WireGuard, and access to tech support. Proton VPN doesn’t ... Sep 30, 2013 · 中国机电产品进出口商会 China Chamber Of Commerce For Import & Export Of Machinery & Electronic Products 主办 Sponsor Chief Editor / 主 编China Chamber of Commerce for Import and Export of Machinery and Electronic Products Department 2Sep 12, 2007 · VPN服务器. VPN服务器可以当作VPN客户机的一个连接点。. 从技术上说，你可以使用Windows NT Server 4.0、Windows 2000 Server或者Windows Server 2003等操作系统作为 ...Jan 24, 2022 · The wide participation suggests that the passion for winter sports ignited by the upcoming Beijing 2022 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games not only has led to a high expectation of the people for the Winter Games, but also promoted the popularization of the sports played on snow and ice. Northeast China's Jilin province enjoys perfect natural ...The service supports Perfect Forward Secrecy, VPN Over Tor, and comes with Secure Core servers that are enough to keep you safe when connected to a torrent ...Oct 13, 2023 · For $5.99 per month, Proton VPN’s paid subscription includes access to more than 3,000 servers in over 65 countries, use on up to 10 devices and an included ad-blocker and malware protection. Or ... TechRadar gives Proton VPN a positive review, praising its free plan, unblocking abilities, security tools and app quality. It also highlights some drawbacks, such as slow connection times and limited live chat support. See moreFeb 23, 2022 · ProtonVPN is a fantastic choice for a VPN. Its privacy protections are excellent, and while it doesn’t quite rise to the privacy and pseudo-anonymity promises that Mullvad offers it’s still ... Thu, Mar 14, 2024, 7:00 AM EDT · 2 min read. Proton. Proton, the privacy-focused company that offers a variety of internet tools like mail, calendars, online storage …Jun 29, 2021 · In his capacity as practitioner of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), Zhang Boli, 73, has made a long career out of saving lives. The most recent advocacy of Zhang’s chosen field of medicine was heard in the speech he made at an industry development conference on Chinese medicinal herbs produced in Zhejiang, held in the province’s …Aug 18, 2023 · Editor's Rating: 8.2. Built by “scientists, engineers, and developers from CERN and MIT”, Proton VPN has been making waves in the VPN sector over the last few years. In this Proton VPN review, we’ll explore Proton VPN’s key features, including speed, server locations, encryption protocols, compatibility with popular streaming services ... Jul 9, 2021 · Foreign firms approved to offer VPN services in capital Homemade curling videos trending in China 86-year-old grandma in Hebei spends most her life on traditional cheongsam Winners of 2022 Inaugural WLA Prize announced Lantern Festival： A …While popular and technically robust, these services are actively harmful to your privacy (much more so, indeed, than Zoom). The key qualities we look for in Zoom …Mar 8, 2018 · Freedom, equality, justice, and rule of law are the core socialist values concerning the whole of society. Patriotism, dedication, integrity, and friendship are values at the level of individual citizens. The 12 values not only have their roots in Chinese history and culture, but also respond to the call of the present time, with a vision for ...Jan 29, 2024 · The ProtonVPN App. The ProtonVPN app is available on Windows, Mac, iOS, Android, and Linux. Inside ProtonVPN’s apps, you will find a quick-connect button to turn on the VPN service. ProtonVPN has a great 4.2 rating from the Google Play store, and a 3.9 rating from the Apple App Store, quite high for a VPN. ProtonVPN Vs. Mar 31, 2021 · Big Changes in a Small Village. By Zhou Lin Source: China Today Updated: 2021-03-31. Over just 40-plus years of development since the adoption of the reform and opening-up policy, a poor village built on reclaimed tidal marshes in east China's Jiangsu Province has emerged as an eco-friendly, industrialized urban center with modern …Nov 16, 2022 · 使用后：. 复制神器，提示破解成功后，即可进行一键选择、复制和粘贴，方便快捷。. 六、视频下载扩展-CocoCut-video downlaoder. 最佳视频下载器edge扩展程序，可快速轻松地下载edge中的视频或音频。. 使用此视频下载器，您可以从数千个网站下载任何视频。. 它可以 ...Aug 31, 2021 · ProtonVPN. ProtonVPN touts top-notch security and a 30-day money-back guarantee that draws a loyal fan base, but if you're a Mac user, it might not be worth it. Free, $4/month (Basic), $8/month ... Apr 18, 2023 · 步骤很简单：. 一、应用市场中搜索“出境易”并下载安装；. 二、打开“出境易”选择需要使用的应用下载，即可使用。. 总体来说，“出境易”APP ...Dec 2, 2019 · 工業・情報化部 VPNサービスの遮断についてコメント. 工業・情報化部（省）の毛偉明副部長、張峰チーフエンジニア、運行モニタリング協調局の鄭立新局長は27日、国務院新聞弁公室の記者会見に出席し、2014年の工業・通信業の発展状況について紹介 …In today’s digital world, remote work has become more prevalent than ever before. With the rise in remote work, small businesses are turning to virtual private networks (VPNs) to e...Using a VPN is not only a way to cover your digital tracks and disguise yourself online, preventing unwanted eyes from prying on your internet usage. Most people don’t want to shar... ProtonVPN 2023 review | Find out if Protonvpn is good enough! Find out in this review to see if it's powerful enough to protect your digital privacy. Get our... Mar 13, 2017 · Chinese physicists were one of the first to achieve quantum teleportation, entangled state exchange and optical quantum key distribution with a secure communication distance of over 100 kilometers. They also created the world's first large-scale quantum communication network. Chinese scientists have gradually become world leaders in …Dec 2, 2019 · Getting on a plane three times a year and coming to China for a week is not “doing business here.”. It’s a tiny, jetlagged glimpse through a tiny crack in a window. This is not the real-time real-life day-to-day understanding of a community/country that you get from living somewhere. The problem, of course, is that head-office believes it is.Ray Walsh. - VPN and Privacy Expert. March 16, 2023. 10:48 AM. 3. Proton VPN launched in Switzerland in 2017. It is the sister to ProtonMail, an encrypted email …Posted: Mar 16, 2024 8:00 am. IPVanish is a US-based VPN offering impressive speeds and no shortage of North American servers. However, its apps don’t …13 Dec 2023 ... Discover the ultimate guide to online security with our comprehensive ProtonVPN review on YouTube. We delve deep into its features, ...VPN is an acronym for virtual private network. A virtual private network is a private network that uses encryption and other security measures to send data privately and securely t...When it comes to protecting your online privacy, downloading a virtual private network (VPN) is one of the best ways to do so. One of the most popular VPNs on the market is IPvanis...A. ProtonVPN is a virtual private network service offered by the Swiss-based company, Proton Technologies AG. It provides online privacy and security to users ...Jul 18, 2023 · 央视网消息：“道阻且长，行则将至！”7月13日，国新办举行2023年上半年进出口情况新闻发布会，海关总署新闻发言人、统计分析司司长吕大良在答问时说，当前我国外贸确实有压力、有起伏、有挑战，但2023年全年有信心继续巩固市场份额，保持全球货物贸易第一大国的地位。Dec 2, 2019 · China betreibt das Internet entsprechend seiner Gesetze. Seit 1994 hat China eine Reihe von Gesetzen und Bestimmungen für die Internetaufsicht erlassen, z. B. den Beschluss des Ständigen Ausschusses des NVK über den Schutz der Internet-Sicherheit, das Gesetz der VRCh über elektronische Signaturen, die Bestimmungen der VRCh über ...Dec 23, 2023 · 熊猫加速器是一款专为游戏玩家设计的网络优化工具。它凭借强大的加速技术和优质的网络线路，显著降低了游戏的延迟和丢包率，为玩家提供稳定、流畅的游戏体验。无论是MOBA类竞技游戏还是FPS射击游戏，熊猫加速器都能满足玩家对低延迟、高稳定性的需求，让玩家在全球范围内都能畅享游戏乐趣。Mar 13, 2017 · Chinese physicists were one of the first to achieve quantum teleportation, entangled state exchange and optical quantum key distribution with a secure communication distance of over 100 kilometers. They also created the world's first large-scale quantum communication network. Chinese scientists have gradually become world leaders in …Feb 7, 2018 · The safety and stability in China did not come easily. Rather, it should be attributed to the efforts made by 1.3 billion people to pursue fairness and justice under the leadership of the Communist Party of China and the Chinese government. For both Chinese and foreigners living in the country, the sense of safety and security is very precious.8.8 /10. View Plans. What We Like. No data logging: ProtonVPN has annual transparency reports to back up its no-logs policy. Torrents: The combination of unlimited …1 day ago · 百度App 4.0 for Android：. （1）全新首页. 二维码、找网址、查电话、逛周边、看热点，全部首页直接点击，不搜即得。. （2）精准定位. 查找周边美食 ... 7 Reviews. per month. $5.00. View Pricing. Table Of Contents +. Advertiser Disclosure. ProtonVPN is a renowned community-supported project developed by MIT and CERN experts who also brought us ProtonMail, one of the largest encrypted email services in the world. ProtonVPN was launched in 2016 and gained a lot of traction immediately primarily ... Dec 28, 2023 · Proton VPN Review 2024. By TechNadu Staff / December 28, 2023. Proton VPN is a versatile and reliable VPN for privacy-conscious Internet users. Introduced in 2014 by the brains behind ProtonMail and headquartered in Switzerland, a country outside the jurisdiction of the 14-Eyes Alliance, Proton VPN isn't subject to any data-sharing laws. 2017-07-31 16:14:47. cri. Font: A A A. Mnoge VPN firme prijavile su da je kompanija Epl u subotu uklonila njihove aplikacije iz svoje prodavnice za Kinu. ''Pišemo vam kako bi smo vas obavestili da će vaša aplikacija biti uklonjena iz Čajna Epl Stora, zato što uključuje sadržaje koji su ilegalni u Kini'', navedeno je u pismu koje je Epl ...ProtonVPN review: a feature-packed all-rounder. ProtonVPN has gone from strength-to-strength as a secure, feature-packed VPN with the option of its generous …Feb 23, 2024 · Fact Checked by Katarina Glamoslija. Proton VPN Review: Quick Expert Summary. Proton VPN has excellent security, top-notch privacy features, and a really simple interface, and it maintained fast speeds in all of my speed tests. Mar 13, 2017 · Chinese physicists were one of the first to achieve quantum teleportation, entangled state exchange and optical quantum key distribution with a secure communication distance of over 100 kilometers. They also created the world's first large-scale quantum communication network. Chinese scientists have gradually become world leaders in … ---1