Ad hominem fallacy. Jan 9, 2019 · Ad Hominem Arguments. Ad hominem is a Latin term meaning “against the person.”. An ad hominem argument is therefore an attack on person making an argument rather than a case against what they say. For instance: Socrates’ ideas on beauty must be wrong because he was so ugly. This is obviously wrong, because someone’s appearance does not ... Ad hominem examples can help you realize when a counter-argument is based solely on feelings of prejudice. Browse through our list and become more mindful. An ad hominem fallacy redirects the discussion of an issue to a discussion of one of the subjects—to his or her personal failings, inconsistency, or bias. For example, in a discussion of the pros and cons of privatizing Social Security, it would be an ad hominem attack simply to declare your opponent a parasite feeding on the lifeblood of the ... Are you looking for ways to save money on groceries? Safeway grocery ads this week can help you do just that. With a variety of discounts and special offers, Safeway is a great pla...The ad hominem fallacy involves attacking the arguer’s personal situation or traits. There are three commonly recognized kinds of ad hominem: The abusive ad hominem; The circumstantial ad hominem; The tu quoque ad hominem; The first kind involves arguing that someone’s view should not be accepted because they have some negative property. Fallacious ad hominem reasoning is categorized among informal fallacies, more precisely as a genetic fallacy, a subcategory of fallacies of irrelevance. Ad hominem fallacies can be separated into various types, such as tu quoque, circumstantial ad hominem, guilt by association, and abusive ad hominem. Another illegitimate form of the ad hominem is the tu quoque, or “you, too” version, which is an attempt to discredit a person’s claims because the person has failed to follow his or her own ...Bandwagon Fallacy. The bandwagon fallacy is also sometimes called the appeal to common belief or appeal to the masses because it’s all about getting people to do or think something because “everyone else is doing it” or “everything else thinks this.”. Example: Everyone is going to get the new smart phone when it comes out this weekend.Other informal fallacies include the red herring fallacy and the ad hominem fallacy. In contrast, a formal fallacy is an argument where the conclusion does not logically follow the premise. The appeal to probability fallacy is a formal fallacy. Here is an example: If we cancel our trip, the weather will be beautiful.May 29, 2015 · 13. The ad hominem fallacy involves bringing negative aspects of an arguer, or their situation, to bear on the view they are advancing. There are three commonly recognized versions of the fallacy. The abusive ad hominem fallacy involves saying that someone’s view should not be accepted because they have some unfavorable property. Argumentum ad hominem. Argumentum ad hominem (lat. „argument k člověku“) je argument, kterým se diskutující snaží vyvrátit oponentovo tvrzení poukazováním na jeho názory či jednání, případně i na jeho skutečné či domnělé nedostatky. Argument ad hominem se obvykle považuje za demagogický a neplatný. [1] Treated in this way, ad hominem is a legitimate scheme of argument, but there are (as there are in the case of all schemes) many situations in which ad hominem arguments are poor instances of the scheme. In this and many other cases, traditional fallacies can be regarded as deviations from an inherently correct scheme of reasoning.Aug 1, 2020 · Argumentum Ad hominem is discussion method to reply in a way to minimize value of opponent’s argument by discrediting him/her. Currently it’s included into Red Herring Fallacies group. This term was first defined by rhetoric scholars in classical Rome times. Then it ment using and appealing to personal point of view including appeal to ... The ad hominem fallacy (fallacy directed to the man) is committed when the conclusion of an argument states that a view is mistaken, and the reasons given ...In reality, ad hominem is unrelated to sarcasm or personal abuse. Argumentum ad hominem is the logical fallacy of attempting to undermine a speaker's argument by attacking the speaker instead of addressing the argument. The mere presence of a personal attack does not indicate ad hominem: the attack must be used for the purpose of undermining ...Tracfone is a popular prepaid wireless service provider that offers affordable plans and airtime options. Adding airtime to your Tracfone is a simple process, but there are some co... What is an Ad Hominem Fallacy? Ad hominem is Latin for “to the man” and is a type of counterargument in debate. It is used to attack the personal attributes, motive, character, beliefs, or history of the person speaking, rather than the topic they are talking about. Origin of Ad Hominem. Ad hominem use was first recorded in the 1600s. Learn what ad hominem fallacy is and how to avoid it in argument and critical thinking. See an example of this type of fallacy and how to refute it with logic and …1. Ad hominem ("to the man") refers to an attack on the person; for example, regarding their past or personal traits, as a means of undermining/opposing their argument, without having to provide ...Some taxes, such as the ad valorem tax, are indirect and imposed by governments, meaning that they're originally imposed on interim products or factors of production, paid by the r...Examples of Fallacies. Inductive ArgumentPremise 1: Most American cats are domestic house cats. Premise 2: Bill is an American cat. Conclusion: Bill is domestic house cat. Factual ErrorColumbus is the capital of the United States. Deductive FallacyPremise 1: If Portland is the capital of Maine, then it is in Maine.Other informal fallacies include the red herring fallacy and the ad hominem fallacy. In contrast, a formal fallacy is an argument where the conclusion does not logically follow the premise. The appeal to probability fallacy is a formal fallacy. Here is an example: If we cancel our trip, the weather will be beautiful.Ad hominem is a persuasive technique that attempts to sway an audience’s opinion by criticizing an individual’s personal characteristics. When used to sidestep the main topic of an argument, an ad hominem is an informal logical fallacy. The use of an ad hominem attack is often intended to manipulate. It can be an obstacle to productive debate.Arguments ad hominem are common in political debates, legal argumentation and everyday conversations. In this article, we propose a general definition of ad hominem arguments. An argument ad hominem is an argument that makes a claim about the reliability of a person in the performance of a certain function, based on some attribute …Jan 29, 2001 · For examples of logical fallacies that can sometimes be acceptable in the context of debate, see ad ignorantiam, ad logicam, complex question, slippery slope, straw man, and tu quoque in the list below. The list of logical fallacies What follows is not a comprehensive list of all the known logical fallacies. Mar 15, 2023 · Ad Hominem Attacks —The argumentum ad hominem is one of the most recognizable and irresistible of the red herring fallacies. Ad hominem attacks distract from an argument by focusing on the one making the argument, trying to damage his or her credibility. There are two main types of ad hominem attack: abuse and circumstance. Wall posters, decks of cards and other rather nice things that you might like to own in either free pixel-based or slightly more expensive real-life formats. Visit The …Discover YouTube's new AI-powered music ad solutions designed to help businesses reach and engage with Gen Z audiences. In a strategic move to help small businesses capitalize on G...Ad hominem is a Latin term that means "to the person". It is a fallacy that attacks the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself. For example, someone might say, "You are not ...If you’re looking for a way to monetize your website or blog, get paid per click (PPC) ads can be an attractive option. With PPC ads, you earn money every time a user clicks on an ...If you’re looking for a romantic partner or just someone to have fun with, writing a personal ad can be a great way to get started. However, with so many options available, it can ...The ad hominem attack is most often committed by a person who is arguing against some other person’s position. “Ad hominem” in Latin means “toward the man.” It is so named because when someone commits this fallacy, the reasons they give for their conclusion concern the characteristics of the person they are arguing against rather than ... Ad Hominem. (Attacking the person): This fallacy occurs when, instead of addressing someone's argument or position, you irrelevantly attack the person or some aspect of the person who is making the argument. The fallacious attack can also be direct to membership in a group or institution. Student: Hey, Professor Moore, we shouldn't have to read ... vanguard secure bootbest background search The Psychological Ad Hominem: “Oh poor Nate! His father died when he was young, and so his only parent he knew was his mon. But, she was rather, eh, chubby. And so now Nate is really quite sensitive to negative remarks regarding fat. So no wonder that Nate is fighting tooth and nail against the whale hunt.AD HOMINEM definition: 1. (of a criticism, etc.) directed against a person, rather than against what that person says: 2…. Learn more.10.3: Arguments Against the Person. We commit the fallacy of an argument against a person whenever we launch an irrelevant attack on that person, rather than on their position or argument. The Latin name for this fallacy, ad hominem, is still in common use, so we will use it too. This is one type of the fallacy of irrelevant reason, since when ...Whataboutism is a special form of the ad hominem fallacy that attempts to discredit an opponent's position by charging them with hypocrisy without directly refuting or disproving their argument. It is particularly associated with contemporary Russian propaganda. Appeal to ignorance is another fallacy due to irrelevance. Terms in this set (17) what are the different type of fallacies? ad hominem, straw man, appeal to ignorance, false dilemma, slippery slope, circular argument, hasty generalization, red herring, tu quoque (you too), causal fallacy, the fallacy of sunk costs, equivocation (ambiguity), appeal to pity, bandwagon fallacy. -if the same argument ... In today’s digital age, advertising has become an essential part of any successful business strategy. With the rise of online platforms, creating ads that capture your target audie...Dec 5, 2023 · 👉 Ad hominem, short for argumentum ad hominem, is a logical fallacy that is based on personal and irrelevant attacks against the source of an argument instead of addressing the argument itself. In other words, the attacker takes aim at their opponent’s supposed failings that are unrelated to the issue at hand rather than focusing on the ... Argumentum ad hominem also occurs when someone's arguments are discounted merely because they stand to benefit from the policy they advocate -- such as Bill Gates arguing against antitrust, rich people arguing for lower taxes, white people arguing against affirmative action, minorities arguing for affirmative action, etc. In all of these … restaurants north hills raleighsancerre pinot grigio The ad hominem attack is most often committed by a person who is arguing against some other person’s position. “Ad hominem” in Latin means “toward the man.” It is so named because when someone commits this fallacy, the reasons they give for their conclusion concern the characteristics of the person they are arguing against rather than ... What is an Ad Hominem Fallacy? Ad hominem is Latin for “to the man” and is a type of counterargument in debate. It is used to attack the personal attributes, motive, character, beliefs, or history of the person speaking, rather than the topic they are talking about. Origin of Ad Hominem. Ad hominem use was first recorded in the 1600s. Examples of Fallacies. Inductive ArgumentPremise 1: Most American cats are domestic house cats. Premise 2: Bill is an American cat. Conclusion: Bill is domestic house cat. Factual ErrorColumbus is the capital of the United States. Deductive FallacyPremise 1: If Portland is the capital of Maine, then it is in Maine. hardwood and flooring An ad hominem fallacy redirects the discussion of an issue to a discussion of one of the subjects—to his or her personal failings, inconsistency, or bias. For example, in a discussion of the pros and cons of privatizing Social Security, it would be an ad hominem attack simply to declare your opponent a parasite feeding on the lifeblood of the ... anime websites to watch animecooking cooking showcock n bull ginger beer This combines ad hominem and the genetic fallacy. Converse Accident [Rel] Hasty Generalization. Considering only a few cases, or only exceptional cases, and making an erroneous generalization from these limited examples. "Everyone on Skid Row was dirty and destitute and half-dead. Alcohol is obviously poison to man."Aug 1, 2020 · Argumentum Ad hominem is discussion method to reply in a way to minimize value of opponent’s argument by discrediting him/her. Currently it’s included into Red Herring Fallacies group. This term was first defined by rhetoric scholars in classical Rome times. Then it ment using and appealing to personal point of view including appeal to ... Ad-hominem: Latin for “to the man.” This is done when someone focuses their critique on a person’s appearance, character, way of speaking etc. instead of refuting their ideas or opinions. funny music Association fallacy. The association fallacy is a formal logical fallacy that asserts that properties of one thing must also be properties of another thing, if both things belong to the same group. For example, a fallacious arguer may claim that "bears are animals, and bears are dangerous; therefore your dog, which is also an animal, must be ... bible verse about money Ad Hominem (Abusive) argumentum ad hominem. (also known as: personal abuse, personal attacks, abusive fallacy, appeal to the person, damning the source, name calling, refutation by caricature, against the person, against the man) Description: Attacking the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself, when the attack on the ...While there are many examples of false assumptions, one example is “My science class is easy and my friend who is in chemistry says her class is so easy it is boring, so all scienc...Ad Hominem (Circumstantial) argumentum ad hominem. (also known as: appeal to bias, appeal to motive, appeal to personal interest, argument from motives, conflict of interest, faulty motives, naïve cynicism, questioning motives, vested interest) Description: Suggesting that the person who is making the argument is biased or predisposed to take ...Ad Ignorantiam Definition. The fallacy ad ignorantiam, or an appeal to ignorance, occurs when someone argues that something must be either true or false because it hasn’t been proven to be one way or the other. In other words, a particular belief is said to be true because you do not know that it is not true. argumentum ad hominem (also known as: association fallacy, bad company fallacy, company that you keep fallacy, they’re not like us fallacy, transfer fallacy) Description: When the source is viewed negatively because of its association with another person or group who is already viewed negatively. Logical Form: Person 1 states that Y is true. Argument from fallacy. Argument from fallacy is the formal fallacy of analyzing an argument and inferring that, since it contains a fallacy, its conclusion must be false. [1] It is also called argument to logic ( argumentum ad logicam ), the fallacy fallacy, [2] the fallacist's fallacy, [3] and the bad reasons fallacy. [4] engine oiluber in puerto rico Falacia ad hominem abusiva (ataque personal directo) Es cuando a la persona como tal se descalifica mediante un insulto. Se quiere producir un daño directo a quien habla, humillarla y vulnerarla. Un ejemplo es: Persona 1: “Me preocupa el medio ambiente y me registré en un partido ecologista”. Persona 2: “El ecologismo está de …argumentum ad hominem (also known as: association fallacy, bad company fallacy, company that you keep fallacy, they’re not like us fallacy, transfer fallacy) Description: When the source is viewed negatively because of its association with another person or group who is already viewed negatively. Logical Form: Person 1 states that Y is true.The strategy of attacking the person falls under the general umbrella of ethotic arguments, that is, arguments that deal with some feature of the character of the speaker. Where the attack is problematic in particular ways, we charge the attacker with committing the fallacy called argumentum ad hominem (argument against the person). sound resistant sheetrock Learn what the ad hominem fallacy is and how to spot it in different situations. See 15 examples of abusive, circumstantial, and tu quoque ad …Ad slogans are techniques companies use to make their products and services memorable to you. Read about ad slogans here! Advertisement How many times have you been in your car wit...Aug 1, 2020 · Argumentum Ad hominem is discussion method to reply in a way to minimize value of opponent’s argument by discrediting him/her. Currently it’s included into Red Herring Fallacies group. This term was first defined by rhetoric scholars in classical Rome times. Then it ment using and appealing to personal point of view including appeal to ... demon slayer watchwatch vikings game online free The ad hominem fallacy and the genetic fallacy are closely related in that they are both fallacies of relevance. In other words, they both involve arguments that use evidence or examples that are not logically related to the argument at hand. However, there is a difference between the two: Ad Hominem is the most familiar of informal fallacies, and—with the possible exception of Undistributed Middle—the most familiar logical fallacy of them all. It is also one of the most used and abused of fallacies, and both justified and unjustified accusations of Ad Hominem abound in any debate. It is a frequently misidentified fallacy ... Ad slogans are techniques companies use to make their products and services memorable to you. Read about ad slogans here! Advertisement How many times have you been in your car wit...Some taxes, such as the ad valorem tax, are indirect and imposed by governments, meaning that they're originally imposed on interim products or factors of production, paid by the r...Ad Hominem Fallacy in the Second US Presidential Debate 2020: Donald Trump, the King of ...The Tu Quoque fallacy is a form of the ad hominem fallacy which does not attack a person for random, unrelated things; instead, it is an attack on someone for a perceived fault in how they have presented their case. This form of the ad hominem is called tu quoque, which means "you too" because it typically occurs when a person is …The Ad Hominem fallacy was employed by those who wanted to silence 16-year-old Climate Change activist Greta Thunberg. Those who disagreed with her argued that she should be ignored as she is just a child. Hasty Generalization This fallacy occurs when an arguer bases a conclusion on too few examples, that are not necessarily typical of the ...Nov 28, 2019 ... http://colburnclassroom.com Open captions change to closed captions during second half of video. Use of copyrighted content is protected by ...Ad hominem is a Latin term that means "to the person". It is a fallacy that attacks the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself. For example, someone might say, "You are not ... love after lockup where are they now Ad Hominem (Abusive) argumentum ad hominem. (also known as: personal abuse, personal attacks, abusive fallacy, appeal to the person, damning the source, name calling, refutation by caricature, against the person, against the man) Description: Attacking the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself, when the attack on the ...George is committing the ad hominem fallacy by assuming that Mohammed wants him to stop racing so that Mohammed can win. George makes this assumption because he ... Terms in this set (17) what are the different type of fallacies? ad hominem, straw man, appeal to ignorance, false dilemma, slippery slope, circular argument, hasty generalization, red herring, tu quoque (you too), causal fallacy, the fallacy of sunk costs, equivocation (ambiguity), appeal to pity, bandwagon fallacy. -if the same argument ... The ad hominem fallacy involves attacking the arguer’s personal situation or traits. There are three commonly recognized kinds of ad hominem: The abusive ad hominem; The circumstantial ad hominem; The tu quoque ad hominem; The first kind involves arguing that someone’s view should not be accepted because they have some negative property.The ad hominem fallacy is conspic- uously present on most contemporary lists. As one of the "oldest" fallacies on. JO Richard Whately, Elements of Logic. dog boarding sacramento May 26, 2022 · Also known as the personal attack fallacy, ad hominem means " against the man ." This type of logical fallacy is characterized by irrelevant name-calling or attacks on the person, their actions ... The Psychological Ad Hominem: “Oh poor Nate! His father died when he was young, and so his only parent he knew was his mon. But, she was rather, eh, chubby. And so now Nate is really quite sensitive to negative remarks regarding fat. So no wonder that Nate is fighting tooth and nail against the whale hunt.Finding the perfect nanny for your family can be a daunting task. With so many candidates out there, it’s important to create an effective nanny wanted ad that will attract the rig...A guilt by association fallacy occurs when someone connects an opponent to a demonized group of people or to a bad person in order to discredit his or her argument. The idea is that the person is “guilty” by simply being similar to this “bad” group and, therefore, should not be listened to about anything. We cannot have the educational ... 10 week old puppy An ad hominem fallacy (argumentum ad hominem in Latin) occurs when someone attacks the source of an argument rather than the argument itself. I caught Steve running in the hall; therefore, he knows nothing about following the rules. Just because Steve broke one rule does not mean he breaks them all.Billboard AD News: This is the News-site for the company Billboard AD on Markets Insider Indices Commodities Currencies StocksAd hominem is a type of argument or attack that appeals to prejudice or feelings or irrelevantly impugns another person’s character instead of addressing …The Ad Hominem Fallacy – Definition and Example. Ad hominem means "against the person" in Latin. So the ad hominem fallacy happens when you attack a person's character, appearance, personality, or other irrelevant aspects in an argument instead of attacking what they're saying.One reason for the ad hominem attack fallacy is rooted in our dispositionist biases (see Ross & Nisbett, 1990). In social perception, we tend to see others’ behaviors as indicative of underlying ... apple tv mls season passwhere can i watch the superbowl Ad hominem fallacies are among the most common logical fallacies, but they are also among the most misunderstood. Indeed, I often see people falsely accusing their opponent of committing an ad hominem fallacy. Therefore, I am going to explain how this fallacy actually works and give you some basic tools to identify it. There are two fundamental ...An ad hominem argument is a personal attack against the source of an argument, rather than against the argument itself. Essentially, this means that ad hominem …2. What is one reason that we should avoid making ad hominem fallacies in our writing or speaking? · People will assume that we don't have enough facts or ...The straw man fallacy differs from the ad hominem fallacy in that it does not attempt to undermine the argument by directly attacking the person. Appeal to power or threat of force (Argumentum ad baculum) In Latin, “baculum” means a cudgel, bat or stick for hitting. An argument with a cudgel is then an appeal to brute force, or a threat of ...Richard Nordquist. Updated on October 31, 2019. Tu quoque is a type of ad hominem argument in which an accused person turns an allegation back on his or her accuser, thus creating a logical fallacy. In the English language, the phrase generally functions as a noun, however, it's also used attributively to modify other nouns, as in "a …Jul 3, 2011 ... http://www.criticalthinkeracademy.com This is a sample video in a video tutorial series on fallacies, which you can find at ...Learn what the ad hominem fallacy is and how to spot it in different situations. See 15 examples of abusive, circumstantial, and tu quoque ad …There is no such fallacy as argumentum ad hominem. Ad Hominem arguments do not constitute a fallacy. In arguing this thesis, I shall be arguing a thesis already ...A straw man fallacy is a logical fallacy that occurs when a person rebuts an argument by misconstruing it. The concept comes from the metaphor of a straw man (or scarecrow). The straw man is not a real man. It’s a fake representation (e.g. a caricature) of one. Similarly, in the strawman fallacy, the person rebutting an argument isn’t ...Ad hominem attacks are logical fallacies in which a claim or argument is refuted on the basis of some irrelevant fact about the person presenting the claim or argument. Let's take a look at an example: Bernie Sanders has argued in favor of free higher education for all Americans but Bernie Sanders is a communist so we should not support his policy.Examples include the ad hominem argument or fallacy, where someone attacks the person rather than their argument, or the appeal to authority, where someone assumes a statement is true because an expert or authority says so. Formal Fallacies. These are a bit more, well, formal. They deal with errors in the structure or form of an …With that in mind, here are 10 logical fallacies (blogical fallacies? no?) to know and avoid, commonly found in a comment stream near you. #1: Appeal to Authority ... Argumentum ad Hominem. A commenter is resorting to an ad hominem attack when he gets personal, otherwise known as “being a dick.” See the examples below. what is haunting adeline about Citation. Reasoning. Sentence and word structure. Adverbs. Adjectives. Idioms. Nouns and Pronouns. Verbs. Ad hominem is the fallacy of diverting …A red herring fallacy refers to an attempt to change the subject and divert attention from the original issue. In other words, a seemingly solid but ultimately irrelevant argument is introduced into the discussion, either on purpose or by mistake. A straw man fallacy involves the deliberate distortion of another person’s argument.Nov 28, 2023 · Here’s a list of 10 common logical fallacies in advertising. 1. Ad Hominem Fallacy. Ad hominem is a Latin phrase that translates to “against the person”. It is a logical fallacy that makes competitors look bad so people prioritize the advertiser’s products or services before its rivals. Dec 5, 2023 · 👉 Ad hominem, short for argumentum ad hominem, is a logical fallacy that is based on personal and irrelevant attacks against the source of an argument instead of addressing the argument itself. In other words, the attacker takes aim at their opponent’s supposed failings that are unrelated to the issue at hand rather than focusing on the ... doordash coupon reddit The ad hominem fallacy comes in three basic flavors: Ad Hominem: Abusive. The abusive form of the ad hominem fallacy is probably the most common. Arguer: Dr. Milton Friedman was in favor of legalizing powerful drugs. But Dr. Friedman was a noted libertarian bordering on anarchist and had a deep dislike for government.Fallacies that Misuse an Appeal to Ethos. Ad hominem: attacking the person making an argument rather than the argument itself. Latin for “argument against the person” or “argument toward the person.” …What is an Ad Hominem Fallacy? Ad hominem is Latin for “to the man” and is a type of counterargument in debate. It is used to attack the personal attributes, motive, character, beliefs, or history of the person speaking, rather than the topic they are talking about. Origin of Ad Hominem. Ad hominem use was first recorded in the 1600s. air conditioning tune upwhat if the south won the civil war Falacia ad hominem abusiva (ataque personal directo) Es cuando a la persona como tal se descalifica mediante un insulto. Se quiere producir un daño directo a quien habla, humillarla y vulnerarla. Un ejemplo es: Persona 1: “Me preocupa el medio ambiente y me registré en un partido ecologista”. Persona 2: “El ecologismo está de …Argument from fallacy. Argument from fallacy is the formal fallacy of analyzing an argument and inferring that, since it contains a fallacy, its conclusion must be false. [1] It is also called argument to logic ( argumentum ad logicam ), the fallacy fallacy, [2] the fallacist's fallacy, [3] and the bad reasons fallacy. [4] The ad hominem attack is most often committed by a person who is arguing against some other person’s position. “Ad hominem” in Latin means “toward the man.” It is so named because when someone commits this fallacy, the reasons they give for their conclusion concern the characteristics of the person they are arguing against rather than ... gen tux The tu quoque fallacy occurs when someone responds to criticism by accusing the other party of inconsistency or hypocrisy. This tactic diverts attention from the original issue to an opponent’s supposed failure to follow their own principles. Tu quoque is a form of ad hominem fallacy, meaning that it shifts focus away from the argument to …http://colburnclassroom.comOpen captions change to closed captions during second half of video. Use of copyrighted content is protected by fair use which sa...2020-08-01. What we detect. Definition. Argumentum Ad hominem is discussion method to reply in a way to minimize value of opponent’s argument by …Examples of logical fallacies. One example of a logical fallacy is the ad hominem fallacy, which is a fallacy that occurs when someone attacks the source of an argument directly, without addressing the argument itself.For instance, if a person brings up a valid criticism of the company that they work in, someone using the ad hominem fallacy might reply by simply telling them …Informal. An informal fallacy refers to an argument whose proposed conclusion is not supported by the premises. This creates an unpersuasive or unsatisfying conclusion. Ad Hominem * Ambiguity * Anecdotal * Appeal to Authority * Appeal to Emotion * Appeal to Nature * Appeal to Ridicule Appeal to Tradition Argument from Repetition Argumentum … The ad hominem attack is most often committed by a person who is arguing against some other person’s position. “Ad hominem” in Latin means “toward the man.” It is so named because when someone commits this fallacy, the reasons they give for their conclusion concern the characteristics of the person they are arguing against rather than ... Ad Hominem Fallacy. Ad hominem means “against the man,” and this type of fallacy is sometimes called name calling or the personal attack fallacy. This type of fallacy occurs when someone attacks the person instead of attacking his or her argument. Person 1: I am for raising the minimum wage in our state. If you use AOL as your email client, you might have noticed ads on the page when you're reading or writing messages. AOL Mail is a free service that's supported by revenue from the...2 days ago · Other names: Personal attack, name-calling. Definition and explanation: Latin for “to the person,” the ad hominem fallacy is a personal attack. Essentially, instead of addressing the substance of an argument, someone is attempting to discredit the argument by attacking the source. The ad hominem is one of the most common logical fallacies. Ad hominem attacks can take the form of overtly attacking somebody, or more subtly casting doubt on their character or personal attributes as a way to discredit their argument. The result of an ad hom attack can be to undermine someone’s case without actually having to engage with it. Example: After Sam presents an eloquent and compelling ...What is an Ad Hominem Fallacy? Ad hominem is Latin for “to the man” and is a type of counterargument in debate. It is used to attack the personal attributes, motive, character, beliefs, or history of the person speaking, rather than the topic they are talking about. Origin of Ad Hominem. Ad hominem use was first recorded in the 1600s. kenmore washer repair In the media, in the courtroom, and in everyday confrontation, ad hominem arguments are easy to put forward as accusations, are difficult to refute, and often ...Ad hominem “Ad hominem” is a Latin phrase that can be translated into English as the phrase, “against the man.” In an ad hominem fallacy, instead of responding to (or attacking) the argument a person has made, one attacks the person him or herself. In short, one attacks the person making the argument rather than the argument itself. ads keep popping up on my phone Match each of the following logical fallacies with its definition. Match Term Definition Ad hominem A) The use of popular mass appeal to convince others that they should do/believe something because everyone else does/is Bandwagon B) The use of an extreme example that is highly unlikely to try to discredit the action or words of another …The Psychological Ad Hominem: “Oh poor Nate! His father died when he was young, and so his only parent he knew was his mon. But, she was rather, eh, chubby. And so now Nate is really quite sensitive to negative remarks regarding fat. So no wonder that Nate is fighting tooth and nail against the whale hunt.Ad Hominem Fallacy in the Second US Presidential Debate 2020: Donald Trump, the King of ... lasagna love If you’re looking for a way to monetize your website or blog, get paid per click (PPC) ads can be an attractive option. With PPC ads, you earn money every time a user clicks on an ...Ad Hominem (Tu quoque) argumentum ad hominem tu quoque. (also known as: appeal to hypocrisy, “you too” fallacy, hypocrisy, personal inconsistency) Description: Claiming the argument is flawed by pointing out that the one making the argument is not acting consistently with the claims of the argument.Genetic fallacy: Often overlapping with the ad hominem fallacy, when using a genetic fallacy, a writer makes an assumption about a person, thing, or idea based on its origin or makeup. Example: All people from New Jersey are obnoxious. Explanation: In this example, the author assumes that a geographical origin has an effect on a person’s ...George is committing the ad hominem fallacy by assuming that Mohammed wants him to stop racing so that Mohammed can win. George makes this assumption because he ...Genetic fallacy: Often overlapping with the ad hominem fallacy, when using a genetic fallacy, a writer makes an assumption about a person, thing, or idea based on its origin or makeup. Example: All people from New Jersey are obnoxious. Explanation: In this example, the author assumes that a geographical origin has an effect on a person’s ...Ad Hominem (Tu quoque) argumentum ad hominem tu quoque. (also known as: appeal to hypocrisy, “you too” fallacy, hypocrisy, personal inconsistency) Description: Claiming the argument is flawed by pointing out that the one making the argument is not acting consistently with the claims of the argument.An ad hominem argument is a personal attack against the source of an argument, rather than against the argument itself. Essentially, this means that ad hominem …Some taxes, such as the ad valorem tax, are indirect and imposed by governments, meaning that they're originally imposed on interim products or factors of production, paid by the r...Arguments ad hominem are common in political debates, legal argumentation and everyday conversations. In this article, we propose a general definition of ad hominem arguments. An argument ad hominem is an argument that makes a claim about the reliability of a person in the performance of a certain function, based on some attribute …The ad hominem fallacy is a special case of a broader sort of mistake called the genetic fallacy. This fallacy is committed when a belief is evaluated on the basis of its source (that is, on the basis of its genesis—thus, the term genetic) when the source of the belief is irrelevant. “This theory comes from the 19th century,” someone ...uTorrent is a great app, but it can be annoying to have ads on your desktop apps. Fortunately, these can be disabled in the Advanced settings. uTorrent is a great app, but it can b...Here’s a list of 10 common logical fallacies in advertising. 1. Ad Hominem Fallacy. Ad hominem is a Latin phrase that translates to “against the person”. It is a logical fallacy that makes competitors look bad so people prioritize the advertiser’s products or services before its rivals.According to Whately, logical fallacies are arguments where the conclusion does not follow from the premises. Material fallacies are not logical errors because the conclusion follows from the premises. ... Insulting someone's character (argumentum ad hominem) Assuming the conclusion of an argument, a kind of circular reasoning, also called ...AD HOMINEM definition: 1. (of a criticism, etc.) directed against a person, rather than against what that person says: 2…. Learn more.http://colburnclassroom.comOpen captions change to closed captions during second half of video. Use of copyrighted content is protected by fair use which sa... restaurants temple txvegetable seed companies Fallacies that Misuse an Appeal to Ethos. Ad hominem: attacking the person making an argument rather than the argument itself. Latin for “argument against the person” or “argument toward the person.” …Sep 15, 2021 ... You will hear people on the radio and television dismiss comments by people they label as a conservative or a liberal, just because of how they ... tbh for tbh The Psychological Ad Hominem: “Oh poor Nate! His father died when he was young, and so his only parent he knew was his mon. But, she was rather, eh, chubby. And so now Nate is really quite sensitive to negative remarks regarding fat. So no wonder that Nate is fighting tooth and nail against the whale hunt.Examples of Fallacies. Inductive ArgumentPremise 1: Most American cats are domestic house cats. Premise 2: Bill is an American cat. Conclusion: Bill is domestic house cat. Factual ErrorColumbus is the capital of the United States. Deductive FallacyPremise 1: If Portland is the capital of Maine, then it is in Maine.Mar 21, 2019 · 2. Ad Hominem Attacks-- Ad hominem attacks attempt to undermine an argument by attacking the character of a person rather than the strength of his or her argument. When it comes to evidence, ad hominem attacks are barred by the general prohibition of character evidence-- and allowed by the many exceptions to that rule. 3. The tu quoque fallacy occurs when someone responds to criticism by accusing the other party of inconsistency or hypocrisy. This tactic diverts attention from the original issue to an opponent’s supposed failure to follow their own principles. Tu quoque is a form of ad hominem fallacy, meaning that it shifts focus away from the argument to …May 29, 2018 · Ad Hominem. One of the most common and pettiest fallacies known to humanity. This fallacy occurs when the traits of the person holding a position are attacked rather than the merits of the ... In today’s digital age, businesses have more opportunities than ever to reach their target audience. One effective way to do so is through creating your own ad. While it may seem d...Ad hominem fallacy (or ad hominem) is an attempt to discredit someone’s argument by personally attacking them. 29. Logical Fallacies | Definition, Types, List & Examples A logical fallacy is an argument that may sound convincing or true but is actually flawed, leading to an unsupported conclusion. 63. The fallacy of guilt by association, a fallacy resembling in some ways poisoning the well, often makes use of ad hominem considerations. In the fallacy of guilt by association, the contentions or arguments of a proponent are judged on the basis of the proponent's discredited or suspicious affiliations. Oct 20, 2023 · An ad hominem fallacy occurs when someone rejects or undermines an argument by attacking the character, credentials, or other personal traits of the person presenting it, instead of addressing the issue at hand. Whether you're a student aiming to excel in debate, or simply someone looking to fortify their communication skills, learning about ... Oct 19, 2015 · The fallacy in the ad hominem is due to the irrelevant nature of the appeal made, not to its falsity. If what is said about the person is false, in addition to being irrelevant, two fallacies are committed, false premise and irrelevant premise. Many people are seduced by ad hominem attacks. Sometimes, the appeal of the ad hominem is that it ... Straw man fallacy is the distortion of someone else’s argument to make it easier to attack or refute. Instead of addressing the actual argument of the opponent, one may present a somewhat similar but not equal argument. By placing it in the opponent’s mouth and then attacking that version of the argument, one is essentially refuting an ...Whataboutism is a special form of the ad hominem fallacy that attempts to discredit an opponent's position by charging them with hypocrisy without directly refuting or disproving their argument. It is particularly associated with contemporary Russian propaganda. Appeal to ignorance is another fallacy due to irrelevance.Oct 20, 2023 · An ad hominem fallacy occurs when someone rejects or undermines an argument by attacking the character, credentials, or other personal traits of the person presenting it, instead of addressing the issue at hand. Whether you're a student aiming to excel in debate, or simply someone looking to fortify their communication skills, learning about ... Logical Fallacies Questions and Answers. 1. Don't believe what Kim says about global warming. Kim dropped out of college! This is an ad hominem attack because it attacks the person (Kim) making the argument rather … Fallacious ad hominem reasoning is categorized among informal fallacies, more precisely as a genetic fallacy, a subcategory of fallacies of irrelevance. Ad hominem fallacies can be separated into various types, such as tu quoque, circumstantial ad hominem, guilt by association, and abusive ad hominem. The tu quoque fallacy occurs when someone responds to criticism by accusing the other party of inconsistency or hypocrisy. This tactic diverts attention from the original issue to an opponent’s supposed failure to follow their own principles. Tu quoque is a form of ad hominem fallacy, meaning that it shifts focus away from the argument to …An ad hominem fallacy occurs when someone rejects or undermines an argument by attacking the character, credentials, or other …Whataboutism is a special form of the ad hominem fallacy that attempts to discredit an opponent's position by charging them with hypocrisy without directly refuting or disproving their argument. It is particularly associated with contemporary Russian propaganda. Appeal to ignorance is another fallacy due to irrelevance.Ad hominem: This is an attack on the character of a person rather than his or her opinions or arguments. Example: Green Peace's strategies aren't effective ... ca dmv title replacementluxury car In ad hominem fallacy, the person tries to win the argument by attacking the person's personal character rather than focusing on the merits of the main argument. Argumentum ad populum If you tell a lie big enough and keep repeating it, people will eventually come to believe it” – Joseph Goebbels, Hitler’s Minister of Propaganda.ad hominem: [adjective] appealing to feelings or prejudices rather than intellect.Adding a built-in ironing board is a great way to maximize space in the laundry room. Learn more. Expert Advice On Improving Your Home Videos Latest View All Guides Latest View All...In this post, learn about all the different types of Facebook video ads, plus how to create them. Trusted by business builders worldwide, the HubSpot Blogs are your number-one sour...Abstract. This article outlines criteria for the evaluation of the argumentum ad hominem (argument against the person, or personal attack in argument) that is traditionally a part of the curriculum in informal logic. The argument is shown to be a kind of criticism which works by shifting the burden of proof in dialogue through citing a ... disney gift cards at costco Ad hominem is a persuasive technique that attempts to sway an audience’s opinion by criticizing an individual’s personal characteristics. When used to sidestep the main topic of an argument, an ad hominem is an informal logical fallacy. The use of an ad hominem attack is often intended to manipulate. It can be an obstacle to productive debate.ad hominem: [adjective] appealing to feelings or prejudices rather than intellect. This type of ad hominem is not a fallacy.) Circumstantial ad hominem – stating that the arguer's personal situation or perceived benefit from advancing a conclusion means that their conclusion is wrong. Poisoning the well – a subtype of ad hominem presenting adverse information about a target person with the intention of discrediting ... The ability to identify logical fallacies in the arguments of others, and to avoid them in one's own arguments, is both valuable and increasingly rare. ... What is an Ad Hominem? Focuses not on the evidence for a view, but on a negative character trait of person advancing it; seeks to discredit positions by discrediting those who hold them. custom kooziesare green peas good for dogs Ad Hominem (Abusive) argumentum ad hominem. (also known as: personal abuse, personal attacks, abusive fallacy, appeal to the person, damning the source, name calling, refutation by caricature, against the person, against the man) Description: Attacking the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself, when the attack on the ...This type of ad hominem is not a fallacy.) Circumstantial ad hominem – stating that the arguer's personal situation or perceived benefit from advancing a conclusion means that their conclusion is wrong. Poisoning the well – a subtype of ad hominem presenting adverse information about a target person with the intention of discrediting ... cheap diapers Example of Logical Fallacies "You oppose a senator's proposal to extend government-funded health care to poor minority children because that senator is a liberal Democrat. This is a common logical fallacy known as ad hominem, which is Latin for 'against the man.' Instead of dealing with the argument you preempt any discussion by …The Psychological Ad Hominem: “Oh poor Nate! His father died when he was young, and so his only parent he knew was his mon. But, she was rather, eh, chubby. And so now Nate is really quite sensitive to negative remarks regarding fat. So no wonder that Nate is fighting tooth and nail against the whale hunt. Ad hominem and tu quoque. Definitions: Like the appeal to authority and ad populum fallacies, the ad hominem (“against the person”) and tu quoque (“you, too!”) fallacies focus our attention on people rather than on arguments or evidence. In both of these arguments, the conclusion is usually “You shouldn’t believe So-and-So’s ... Purposefully using the ad hominem fallacy is a kind of smear tactic. The way to avoid committing this fallacy is to concentrate on the reasons, not on the reasoner. The ad hominem fallacy has 3the logical form “The argument is made by a person who has a bad trait, so the argument is faulty.”. Most arguments of this ad hominem form are ... Ad hominem and tu quoque. Definitions: Like the appeal to authority and ad populum fallacies, the ad hominem (“against the person”) and tu quoque (“you, too!”) fallacies focus our attention on people rather than on arguments or evidence. In both of these arguments, the conclusion is usually “You shouldn’t believe So-and-So’s ... leg press and hack squat machinekia carnival mpg Oct 19, 2015 · The fallacy in the ad hominem is due to the irrelevant nature of the appeal made, not to its falsity. If what is said about the person is false, in addition to being irrelevant, two fallacies are committed, false premise and irrelevant premise. Many people are seduced by ad hominem attacks. Sometimes, the appeal of the ad hominem is that it ... An argument from authority (argumentum ab auctoritate), also called an appeal to authority, or argumentum ad verecundiam, is a form of argument in which the opinion of an influential figure is used as evidence to support an argument.. All sources agree this is not a valid form of logical proof, that is to say, that this is a logical fallacy (also known as ad …Argumentum ad hominem also occurs when someone's arguments are discounted merely because they stand to benefit from the policy they advocate -- such as Bill Gates arguing against antitrust, rich people arguing for lower taxes, white people arguing against affirmative action, minorities arguing for affirmative action, etc. In all of these …AD HOMINEM: Appeal to Ridicule (“Cuz HAHA!”) Possibly the most foundational and common fallacy is the ad hominem attack, which means “at/against/of the man.”. It shows up in a number of different forms. If you look back to our post on the Hierarchy of Argument, you’ll notice that ridicule is the lowest level of the pyramid.Citation. Reasoning. Sentence and word structure. Adverbs. Adjectives. Idioms. Nouns and Pronouns. Verbs. Ad hominem is the fallacy of diverting …Ad hominem is a persuasive technique that attempts to sway an audience’s opinion by criticizing an individual’s personal characteristics. When used to sidestep the main topic of an argument, an ad hominem is an informal logical fallacy. The use of an ad hominem attack is often intended to manipulate. It can be an obstacle to productive debate.Ad Ignorantiam Definition. The fallacy ad ignorantiam, or an appeal to ignorance, occurs when someone argues that something must be either true or false because it hasn’t been proven to be one way or the other. In other words, a particular belief is said to be true because you do not know that it is not true.Researchers found that play in the apps was frequently interrupted by pop-up video ads and commercial characters persuading kids to make in-app purchases. It should come as no surp...The ad hominem fallacy comes in three basic flavors: Ad Hominem: Abusive. The abusive form of the ad hominem fallacy is probably the most common. Arguer: Dr. Milton Friedman was in favor of legalizing powerful drugs. But Dr. Friedman was a noted libertarian bordering on anarchist and had a deep dislike for government.Treated in this way, ad hominem is a legitimate scheme of argument, but there are (as there are in the case of all schemes) many situations in which ad hominem arguments are poor instances of the scheme. In this and many other cases, traditional fallacies can be regarded as deviations from an inherently correct scheme of reasoning.An ad hominem argument is a personal attack against the source of an argument, rather than against the argument itself. Essentially, this means that ad hominem …Ad hominem “Ad hominem” is a Latin phrase that can be translated into English as the phrase, “against the man.” In an ad hominem fallacy, instead of responding to (or attacking) the argument a person has made, one attacks the person him or herself. In short, one attacks the person making the argument rather than the argument itself.The ad hominem fallacy and the genetic fallacy are closely related in that they are both fallacies of relevance. In other words, they both involve arguments that use evidence or examples that are not logically related to the argument at hand. However, there is a difference between the two: Learn what ad hominem fallacies are and how to avoid them. Find out the types, examples, and logical form of this common logical error. A straw man fallacy is a logical fallacy that occurs when a person rebuts an argument by misconstruing it. The concept comes from the metaphor of a straw man (or scarecrow). The straw man is not a real man. It’s a fake representation (e.g. a caricature) of one. Similarly, in the strawman fallacy, the person rebutting an argument isn’t ...In this series of 'Logical Fallacies in SpongeBob SquarePants', I attempt to capture some comedic scenes that include Logical Fallacies with the series.What ...The Psychological Ad Hominem: “Oh poor Nate! His father died when he was young, and so his only parent he knew was his mon. But, she was rather, eh, chubby. And so now Nate is really quite sensitive to negative remarks regarding fat. So no wonder that Nate is fighting tooth and nail against the whale hunt. spanish workbookps4 repair shop near me Jun 5, 2020 · Fallacies that Misuse an Appeal to Ethos. Ad hominem: attacking the person making an argument rather than the argument itself. Latin for “argument against the person” or “argument toward the person.” Basically, an ad hominem argument goes like this: Person 1 makes claim X. There is something objectionable about Person 1. Arguments ad hominem are common in political debates, legal argumentation and everyday conversations. In this article, we propose a general definition of ad hominem arguments. An argument ad hominem is an argument that makes a claim about the reliability of a person in the performance of a certain function, based on some attribute … budget grocery list An ad hominem (Latin for “to the person”) is a type of informal logical fallacy. Instead of arguing against a person’s position, an ad hominem argument attacks the person’s character or actions in an effort to discredit them. This rhetorical strategy is fallacious because a person’s character, motive, education, or other personal ...Nov 28, 2019 ... http://colburnclassroom.com Open captions change to closed captions during second half of video. Use of copyrighted content is protected by ...In today’s digital age, advertising has become an essential part of any successful business strategy. With the rise of online platforms, creating ads that capture your target audie...14. The Ad Hominem Fallacy. An ad hominem fallacy occurs when you attack someone personally rather than using logic to refute their argument. Instead they’ll attack physical appearance, personal traits, or other irrelevant characteristics to criticize the other’s point of view. These attacks can also be leveled at institutions or groups ...Ad Ignorantiam Definition. The fallacy ad ignorantiam, or an appeal to ignorance, occurs when someone argues that something must be either true or false because it hasn’t been proven to be one way or the other. In other words, a particular belief is said to be true because you do not know that it is not true.Here’s a list of 10 common logical fallacies in advertising. 1. Ad Hominem Fallacy. Ad hominem is a Latin phrase that translates to “against the person”. It is a logical fallacy that makes competitors look bad so people prioritize the advertiser’s products or services before its rivals.Other informal fallacies include the red herring fallacy and the ad hominem fallacy. In contrast, a formal fallacy is an argument where the conclusion does not logically follow the premise. The appeal to probability fallacy is a formal fallacy. Here is an example: If we cancel our trip, the weather will be beautiful.Argumentum ad hominem also occurs when someone's arguments are discounted merely because they stand to benefit from the policy they advocate -- such as Bill Gates arguing against antitrust, rich people arguing for lower taxes, white people arguing against affirmative action, minorities arguing for affirmative action, etc. In all of these … The fallacy of guilt by association, a fallacy resembling in some ways poisoning the well, often makes use of ad hominem considerations. In the fallacy of guilt by association, the contentions or arguments of a proponent are judged on the basis of the proponent's discredited or suspicious affiliations. Hitler is a bad person, but that doesn’t mean that everything he says is false. Dismissing a claim simply because a bad person says it is an example of Ad hominem. When people commit an ad hominem fallacy, they are mistaking criticism of a person with criticism of a claim or an argument. The Latin term ‘Ad hominem’ means “to the person.”A tu quoque fallacy is a form of an ad hominem attack that occurs when an accused individual points the finger back at the accuser. For example, a political campaign candidate accuses their ...The tu quoque fallacy occurs when someone responds to criticism by accusing the other party of inconsistency or hypocrisy. This tactic diverts attention from the original issue to an opponent’s supposed failure to follow their own principles. Tu quoque is a form of ad hominem fallacy, meaning that it shifts focus away from the argument to …Treated in this way, ad hominem is a legitimate scheme of argument, but there are (as there are in the case of all schemes) many situations in which ad hominem arguments are poor instances of the scheme. In this and many other cases, traditional fallacies can be regarded as deviations from an inherently correct scheme of reasoning. Ad Hominem Fallacy. Ad hominem means “against the man,” and this type of fallacy is sometimes called name calling or the personal attack fallacy. This type of fallacy occurs when someone attacks the person instead of attacking his or her argument. Person 1: I am for raising the minimum wage in our state. Argumentum ad hominem is the logical fallacy of attempting to undermine a speaker’s argument by attacking the speaker instead of addressing the argument. The mere presence of a personal attack does not indicate ad hominem : the attack must be used for the purpose of undermining the argument, or otherwise the logical fallacy isn’t there. brake change costsuper.com hotels Jan 29, 2001 · For examples of logical fallacies that can sometimes be acceptable in the context of debate, see ad ignorantiam, ad logicam, complex question, slippery slope, straw man, and tu quoque in the list below. The list of logical fallacies What follows is not a comprehensive list of all the known logical fallacies. The ad hominem fallacy and the genetic fallacy are closely related in that they are both fallacies of relevance. In other words, they both involve arguments that use evidence or examples that are not logically related to the argument at hand. However, there is a difference between the two:A guilt by association fallacy occurs when someone connects an opponent to a demonized group of people or to a bad person in order to discredit his or her argument. The idea is that the person is “guilty” by simply being similar to this “bad” group and, therefore, should not be listened to about anything. We cannot have the educational ...The flaw is with the form of the argument; the truth or falsity of each individual premise has to do with soundness and validity - a topic that we will discuss soon. In order to identify a formal fallacy, you only need to pay attention to the form of the argument. An informal fallacy has a defect in the content (the "information").A guilt by association fallacy occurs when someone connects an opponent to a demonized group of people or to a bad person in order to discredit his or her argument. The idea is that the person is “guilty” by simply being similar to this “bad” group and, therefore, should not be listened to about anything. We cannot have the educational ...If a study shows that people who wear glasses have above average intelligence, assuming that everyone who wears glasses is intelligent is an example of ecological fallacy. Applying... denver business journal Ad Hominem is the most familiar of informal fallacies, and—with the possible exception of Undistributed Middle—the most familiar logical fallacy of them all. It is also one of the most used and abused of fallacies, and both justified and unjustified accusations of Ad Hominem abound in any debate. It is a frequently misidentified fallacy ...May 29, 2018 · Ad Hominem. One of the most common and pettiest fallacies known to humanity. This fallacy occurs when the traits of the person holding a position are attacked rather than the merits of the ... Treated in this way, ad hominem is a legitimate scheme of argument, but there are (as there are in the case of all schemes) many situations in which ad hominem arguments are poor instances of the scheme. In this and many other cases, traditional fallacies can be regarded as deviations from an inherently correct scheme of reasoning. tacoma hybrid mpgsites like chatgpt ---2